Cultural Heritage of India | Handicraft | Art of Weaving, Embroidery and Leather Industry

By Emperor Of Skills -
Art of  Weaving and Embroidery           Ancient India had a unique place in the fields of hand weaving, embroidery and knitting. It was said that the whole piece of cloth of a particular size (Taka) of fine muslin of Dhaka could easily pass through a ring and could be adjusted in a matchbox. Moreover 'Galicha' (carpet of several regions), knitting work on attires and artistry etc. occupied a prominent place. Amongst them are Patola of Patan (Gujarat), Bandhani of Rajasthan, kanjivaram saree and kashmiri cloth having 'Kasab' work .           During the golden period of Solanki era, Gujarat had progressed in this field. During the reign of Siddhraj Jaisingh many artisans (weavers) came and settled in Patan and made the town world famous, especially for its Patola. Some weavers of Patan were the best artists particularly of Patola of Patan. This art of Patan is more than 850 years old. Only a handful people have the skill...
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UNION & STATE EXECUTIVE

By Emperor Of Skills -

UNION EXECUTIVE

  • The union executive comprises the President, Prime Minister & the Council of Ministers

  • President assumes as ‘ORNAMENTAL  POSITION’

  • He is called the “NOMINAL EXECUTIVE”

  • The day to day administration is carried out by the Council of Minister - the ‘REAL EXECUTIVE’

PRESIDENT


  • Art 52 to 78 in Part V deal with the union executive

  • The President is the Head of the Indian State

  • He is the first citizen of India, act as the symbol of unity, integrity of the nation



According to Art 52, there shall be a President of India. The executive power of the union is rested (given) to him 


Art 53 – he shall exercise such powers either directly or through the officers sub – ordinate to him 


NOTE >>> 44th Amendment Act, the powers of President and made him to act on the advice of the council of Minister


Art 54 - ELECTION OF PRESIDENT

President is elected indirectly by an electoral college consisting of  

  • Members of RajyaSabha & elected members of LokSabha

  • Members of State Legislative Assembles


TERM / DURATION OF PRESIDENT

  • Elected for a period of 5 yrs

  • He shall also be eligible for reelection

  • He can resign from his office at any time addressing the resignation letter to the vice-president

  • If the office of President falls vacant due to resignation death or impeachment, the vice president will take over the responsibility till the new President takes over


 QUALIFICATION 

  • Must be a citizen of India

  • Must have attained the age of 35 yrs

  • Must have attained all qualified for election as a members of Loksabha 


DIS – QUALIFICATION

  •  Should not hold an office of profit 


OATH OF PRESIDENT

    The President shall take the oath of the office

  • In the presence of the chief justice of supreme court

  • In his absence, the senior most judge of supreme court


IMPEACHMENT ( Removal)

  • President may be removal from office by the process called Impeachment on grounds of proven misbehavior

  • It can be initiated in either house of parliament at least 1/4th of the members, which framed the charges for Impeachment should sign their charges, a 14 days’ notice shall be given to the President

  • The bill passed by a 2/3rd majority of the house; it is sent to another house, which shall investigate the charges.


POWERS & FUNCTIONS OF PRESIDENT

1. Legislative Function 

2. Executive Function 

3. Judiciary Function 

4. Financial Function 

5. Military Function 

6. Diplomatic Function 

7. Emergency Function


1. LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION

  • President nominate 2 members to the LokSabha – Anglo Indian Community

  • President nominates 12 members to the RajyaSabha - special knowledge’s art, literature, science, social service

  • President can order either houses of parliament to dissolve the LokSabha

  • President can call the joint session / joint sitting of the houses of parliament

  • President can give Ordinances ( order) when the parliament is not in session

  • President lays the reports of CAG, UPSC, (union public service commission), Finance commission, etc

  • When a bill has been passed by both the houses of parliament, it shall be presented to the President, the president can

1. Give the asset (approval) to the bill 

2. With hold his asset to the bill

3. Return the bill for Re-modification


2. EXECUTIVE FUNCTION

  • Executive action of the GOI shall be expressed in the name of President

  • President appoints the prime minister & COM (Council of Minister)

  • President appoints highest constitutional functionaries ( CAG, CEC, CFC, CVC)

  • President appoints the members of UPSC, NCW (national commission for women), BCC (backward class commission), and NHRC (national human rights commission).  

  • President enjoys the powers of removing the highest constitutional functionaries 


3. JUDICIAL FUNCTION

  • President appoints the chief justice and other judges of supreme court

  • President may appoint an acting chief justice when the office of chief justice of India is vacant / absent or unable to perform the duties of office

  • President can seek advice from the supreme court on any question of law


4. FINANCIAL FUNCTION

  • Money bill can be introduced in the parliament only with the prior recommendation of the president

  • President constitutes a finance commission after every 5 yrs to recommend the distribution of taxes b/w the center & state 


5. DIPLOMATIC FUNCTION

  • National, International & conventions will be negotiated & concluded in the name of President

  • They send & receive diplomatic representatives like Ambassadors / HC 


6. MILITARY FUNCTION

  • President appoints chief of army, navy, air force

  • He can declare war / conclude peace treaties


7. EMERGENCY FUNCTION – 3 Types  

  • National Emergency – Art 352

  • State Emergency – Art 356 (Presidential Rule)

  • Financial Emergency – Art 360


VICE PRESIDENT



Art 63 Provides for the office of vice president of India


ELECTION: 

The vice president is elected by the members of both the houses of parliament at a joint session


Art 64 The Vice President is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha


Art 65 The powers of the president to the vice president in the following


  • In any vacancy in the office of president by reasons of death, resignation, removal, the vice president shall discharge the function of president

  • The president is unable to discharge his function in case of absence, illness or any other cause, the vice president shall discharge his function


PRIME MINISTER

  • There shall be a council of minister headed by the prime minister

  • Most important man in political system of India

APPOINTMENT 

The prime minister shall be appointed by the president & others ministers (each dept. like education, railways minister, etc.), shall be appointed by the president on the advice of prime minister.


QUALIFICATION

  • He should be a citizen of India

  • Should be 25 years of age

        COM shall collectively responsible to the house of the people

  • President is the head of the state while prime minister is the head of the government 


POWERS & FUNCTIONS

1. IN RELATION TO THE PRESIDENT

  •  Prime minister is the principle channel of communication between the president and COM, relating to administrative matters


2. IN RELATION TO THE PARLIAMENT

  • Prime minister is leader of lok sabha

  • He recommend dissolution of lok sabha to president at any time

  • Chief of the government announces government policies on the floor of house 


3. IN RELATION TO COM

  • He recommends persons who can be appointed as ministers by the president

  • He allocates various portfolios(duties) among the ministers

  • He can ask a minister to resign or advice the president to dismiss him

  • He guides, control, directs & co-ordinates the activities of ministers


4. MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION

  • He play a vital role in shaping the foreign policy of the country

  • He is the crisis manager in chief at the political level during emergency


Note:-
  • The First Prime Minister of India was Jawaharlal Nehru from Congress party (Only party was there at 1947) or the first party which was established in India.
  • Narendra Modi is the 14th Prime Minister of India.


STATE EXECUTIVE

  • The state executive comprises the Governor, Chief Minister & the Council of Ministers  

  • He is called the “NOMINAL EXECUTIVE’

  • The day to day administration is carried out by the Council of Minister – the ‘REAL EXECUTIVE’


GOVERNOR

  • Art 152 to 167 in Part VI deal with the state executive

  • The Governor is the Head of the State Government

  • Constitutional head of the State

  • Chief executive of the State


Art 153, constitution provides for an office of the governor in states


APPOINTMENTS

  • President appoints a Governor


TERM / DURATION OF GOVERNOR

  • Term of office is 5 yrs

  • He can also resign anytime by addressing & his resignation to the president


QUALIFICATION  

  • Must be citizen of India

  • Completed the age of 35 years


DIS-QUALIFICATION

  • Should not be a member of either house of parliament or state legislative

  • Office of profit


OATH OF GOVERNOR

  • In presence of the chief justice of high court

  • In his absence, the senior – most judges of high court


POWERS & FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNOR

1. Legislative Function

2. Executive Function

3. Judiciary Function

4. Financial Function

5. Emergency Function


1. LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION

  • Governor nominate 1 members to the SLA – Anglo Indian Community

  • Governor nominates 1/6th of the member to state legislative council (SLC) from among various specialized fields

  • Governor can dissolve the state legislative assembly

  • Governor can call the joint session / joint sitting of the houses of Legislature

  • He can promulgate ordinances (order) when the SL (state legislative) not in session  He says reports of the SFC(state finance commission), SPSC( state public service commission), Auditor General relating to the accounts of the state legislative


2. EXECUTIVE FUNCTION

  • Executive actions of the government of state are formally taken in the name of Governor

  • Governor appoints chief minister and council of minister  

  • He appoints the SEC (state election commission)  

  • He appoints the chairman & other members of SPSC however they can be removed by president not by the Governor 


3. JUDICIAL POWERS

  • President appoints the judges of the concerned state high court consults the Governor  

  • Governor appoints the district judges in consult with the state high court

  • He appoints the judicial service of the state in consult with high court and SPSC


4. FINANCIAL POWERS

  • Annual financial statement (state budget)

  • Money bill can be introduced only with his prior recommendations of the Governor

  • Finance commission after every 5 years to review the financial position of local self-government


5. EMERGENCY FUNCTION

  • He can recommend to President's Rule of the state


CHIEF MINISTER

There shall be a council of minister headed by the Chief minister Most important man in political system of State Government


APPOINTMENT

  • Governor appoints the chief minister and other ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of Chief minister

  • Governor invites the leader of the majority party in the legislative assembly to form the government

QUALIFICATION

  • He should be a citizen of India

  • Should be 25 years of age

COM shall collectively be responsible to the SLA

  • Governor is the head of the state while Chief minister is the head of the government 


POWERS & FUNCTIONS 

1. IN RELATION TO THE GOVERNOR

  • Chief minister is the principle channel of communication b/w the Governor and COM, relating to administrative matters


2. IN RELATION TO THE STATE LEGISLATIVE

  • He minister is leader of SLA

  • He recommend dissolution of SLA to Governor at any time

  • Chief of the government announces government policies on the floor of house


3. IN RELATION TO COM

  • He recommends persons who can be appointed as ministers by the Governor

  • He allocates various portfolios(duties) among the ministers

  • He can ask a minister to resign or advice the Governor to dismiss him

  • He guides, control, directs & coordinates the activities of ministers

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