Cultural Heritage of India | Handicraft | Art of Weaving, Embroidery and Leather Industry

By Emperor Of Skills -
Art of  Weaving and Embroidery           Ancient India had a unique place in the fields of hand weaving, embroidery and knitting. It was said that the whole piece of cloth of a particular size (Taka) of fine muslin of Dhaka could easily pass through a ring and could be adjusted in a matchbox. Moreover 'Galicha' (carpet of several regions), knitting work on attires and artistry etc. occupied a prominent place. Amongst them are Patola of Patan (Gujarat), Bandhani of Rajasthan, kanjivaram saree and kashmiri cloth having 'Kasab' work .           During the golden period of Solanki era, Gujarat had progressed in this field. During the reign of Siddhraj Jaisingh many artisans (weavers) came and settled in Patan and made the town world famous, especially for its Patola. Some weavers of Patan were the best artists particularly of Patola of Patan. This art of Patan is more than 850 years old. Only a handful people have the skill...
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UNION & STATE LEGISLATURE

By Emperor Of Skills -

THE PARLIAMENT

PART V (ART 79 TO 122)


Art 79>>> Constitution of Parliament


The union parliament consist of President & two houses i.e.

  1. Rajya Sabha

  2. Lok Sabha


The word PARLIAMENT is derived from French word PARLER which means “TO TALK”

  • India is adopted BICAMERAL Sessions of parliament

  • Lok Sabha shall meet at least twice in a year

There will be 3 sessions.



1.

First session

Feb to May

Budget session

2.

Second session

July to Sep

Monsoon session

3. 

Third session

Nov to Dec

Winter session


STATE LEGISLATIVE 
PART VI, ART 168 – 212 


Art 168 >>> Constitution of Legislatures in State The state legislature comprises the Governor and 1 or 2 houses.  

  • In Karnataka, 2 houses consists of 

  1. State Legislative Assembly (SLA) 

  2. State Legislative Council (SLC) 


NOTE:

 6 states : Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh.


LOK SABHA


  • It is known as

    • The lower house

    • The people house

    • Popular house

    • House of Representative

  • It is considered to be “Democratic Chamber”

  • The members of Lok Sabha are elected through UAF directly by the people


Art 81 - Composition of Lok Sabha

Total strength - 552 members

  • 530 members are to be representatives of the state

  • 20 union territories

  • 2 Anglo Indian community nominated by president

At present 545

  • 530 from state representative

  • 13 union territories

  • 2 Anglo Indian community nominated by President


Art 83 - Term / Duration / Tenure


  • 5 years

  • It may be dissolved by the president

  • During emergency, lok sabha can be extended by parliament for a period not excluding 1 year


Qualification 


  • He should be a citizen of India

  • Completed the age of 25 years


Dis qualification


  • If he hold any office of profit under the GOI  (govt of India) or GOS (govt of state)


Removal 


  • Member of lok sabha may himself resign by addressing his resignation to the ‘speaker’ of lok sabha

  • He gets selected as a member of Rajya sabha & state legislative assembly

  • If he absent for a period of 60 days with our permission of the house


POWERS & FUNCTIONS

  1. Legislative Function

  2. Control over executive / Administrative Function

  3. Judicial Function

  4. Financial Function

  5. Electoral Function

  6. Constitution / Amendment Function

  7. Miscellaneous Function


1. LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION

Divided the subjects for legislation in to 3 lists under 7th schedule of the Indian constitution

  1. Union list 97 subjects

  2. State list 59 subjects

  3. Concurrent list 52 subjects


  • Lok sabha has equal power of law making with Rajyasabha except financial matters

  • In case of disagreement between the two houses on a matter of legislation it is resolved by a Joint session presided by speaker


2. JUDICIAL FUNCTION

  • Lok sabha act as a judge in the impeachment (removal) of the president either house can prefer the charge and if it passes a resolution by a 2/3rd majority of the total member of the house

  • Lok sabha also in judgement, along with the Rajya sabha is remaining high constitutional functionaries such as CAG (controller auditor general), CFC (chief finance commision), CEC (chief election commision), etc….


3. ELECTORAL FUNCTION

  • Lok sabha & Rajya sabha elect the high constitutional functionaries such as President & Vice-President

  • President elected by members of Lok sabha + Rajya sabha + state Legislative Assembly

  • Vice - President is elected by members of Lok sabha + Rajya sabha


  1. CONSTITUTIONAL / AMENDMENT FUNCTION – ART 368

  • An amendment may be initiated either in the Rajya Sabha or Lok Sabha & must be passed by a 2/3rd majority in the both the houses present and voting  

  • The agreement of Rajya Sabha is compulsory for the success of constitutional amendment


State Legislative Assembly (SLA)
(Vidhana Sabha & Lower House)


State Legislative Assembly



Art 170 - Composition

  • Legislative assembly of each state shall consists of representatives chosen by the people through vote

  •  Number of members in the assembly shall not exceed 600 but not less than 60  

  • Governor may nominate 1 member from the Anglo Indian community


Term 

  • Period of 5 years 

  • It was increased to 6 yrs. by 42nd amendment Act 1976 & reduced to 5 yrs by 44th amendment Act 1978


Qualification

  • He should be a citizen of India  

  • Completed the age of 25 years


Dis qualification

  • If he hold any office of profit under the GOS (Govt of state) or Local Self Government 


Removal

  • Member of SLA may himself resign by addressing his resignation to the ‘speaker ’ of SLA  

  • He gets selected as a member of state legislative Council or Local self-government 

  • If he absent for a period of 60 days with our permission of the house


POWERS & FUNCTIONS

  1. Legislative Function

  2. Control over executive / Administrative Function

  3. Financial Function

  4. Electoral Function

  5. Constitutional Function

1. LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION

  • Pass law on all subjects that fall under state list

  • It can make laws on any subject in concurrent list in special cases


 In case of disagreement between the two (2) houses on a matter of legislation it is resolved by a Joint session presided by speaker of SLA


     2. ELECTORAL FUNCTION


  • To elect the president of India

  • They also take part in electing members of Rajya Sabha & members of SLC

SPEAKER OF LOKSABHA


There is a speaker and a Deputy speaker for the LokSabha 


Art 93 >>> Speaker & deputy speaker appointed among the members of Lok Sabha


 RESIGNATION 

Speaker submits resignation to deputy speaker or president or senior most judge of supreme court


Art 95 >>> The office of the speaker of the house is vacant and also the office of deputy speaker is vacant, President may appoint any member from LokSabha


POWERS & FUNCTIONS OF SPEAKER 

1. He presides over the joint session and joint sitting of both the houses

2. He rectifies the mistakes in the bills being passed by LokSabha

3. He appoints the chairman of all committees

4. He accept all resignations sent to him by members of the house


POWERS & FUNCTIONS OF DEPUTY SPEAKERS 

1. Deputy speaker is a deputy presiding officer when the speaker is absent


NOTE :- At present 

Speaker of LokSabha – Om Birla 

Deputy speaker – M.Thambidurai


RAJYA SABHA

  • Other Names –  

    • Council of States,

    • House of Elders,

    • Upper House


  • Considered as ‘Knowledge House’ 


Art 80 – Composition of Rajya Sabha 


Max no of seats 250  

  • 229 members are elected from the states through indirect election

  • 9 union territories

  • 12 president nominated


NOTE

President nominates 12 persons among those with special knowledge in the field art, literature, science, social service


At present 245

  • 229 from State

  • 4 Union territories

  • 12 President nominates


QUALIFICATION

  • Must be citizen of India

  • Should attained the age of 30 years


TERM  

  • Rajya Sabha is permanent house 

  • Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved nor can be abolished

  • Term of Rajya Sabha 6 yrs

  • 1/3rd of members of Rajya Sabha retires every 2 years


ELECTION  

  • Members of RajyaSabha are indirectly elected on a representation by state legislatures

  •  Each state is allotted a certain number of seats in Rajya Sabha

  • Such allotment is the strength of population in each state


POWERS & FUNCTIONS

1. Legislature 

2. Control of executive 

3. Judicial Function

4. Financial 

5. Electoral 

6. Constitutional 

7. Miscellaneous


STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL

Other Names –  

  • Vidhana Parishad

  • Upper House

  • House of Elders

  • Considered as ‘Knowledge House’ 


Art 171 – Composition of SLC  

  • Shall not exceed the total membership of the legislative assembly but shall not be less than 40 members

  • Shall be indirectly elected

  • Governor will nominate some members from different specialized field divided into

  • 1/3th of the members are elected from local bodies such as municipalities and district boards

  • 1/3th of the members are elected from members of legislative assembly

  • 1/12th of the members are elected by graduate constituencies

  • 1/12th of the members are elected from Teacher constituencies

  • 1/6th of the members are nominated by the Governor from the field of science, art, social service, literature, etc…


QUALIFICATION 

  •  Must be citizen of India

  •  Should attained the age of 30 years 


TERM 

  • Permanent House

  • cannot be dissolved nor can be abolished

  • Period of 6 years

  • 1/3rd of the members retire every 2 years


ELECTION

  • Members of SLC are indirectly elected on a representation by state legislatures

  •  State is allotted a certain number of seats in SLC

  • Such allotment is the strength of population in each state


POWERS & FUNCTIONS 

1. Legislature 

2. Control of executive 

3. Judicial Function 

4. Financial 

5. Electoral 

6. Constitutional

7. Miscellaneous

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