Which Europeans came to India after the Portuguese? | Emergence of England In India

Emergence of England as a Super Power

        During this period, major changes were taking place in Europe and America. The American colonists with the active cooperation of the French became free from the dominance of the British. The American war of independence (1776) was followed by the French Revolution (1978). The revolution in France against the French Royalty followed the principles of Liberty and Equality and was influenced by two earlier revolution - The Bloodless Revolution of England (1688) and the American War of Independence. French Revolution gave the world the famous slogan 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity'. Later on, Napoleon Bonaparte established dictatorship in France, bringing to an end the previously established democracy. His army seized Egypt. However, the  allied forces of England and European Army defeated Napoleon (1815) after he committed the military blunder of invading Russia during severe winter. With the fall of Napoleon, England became a super power in Europe. As a result and with the fall of its traditional rivals (French), the British Empire in India also became powerful.

        Having defeated the French and reducing their powerbase in India, the British also saw the end of Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan in Mysore Wars (1767-1799). By now, Maratha power was the only hurdle in the British attempts at expanding their territory. The British succeeded in their determination to eliminate the Marathas in the Anglo-Maratha wars (1776-1818). Early 19th Century saw the British become the unrivalled super power in India as well as Europe. In due course of time, the British increased their territory by defeating Afghanistan, Sindh, Burma (now Myanmar) and Punjab.

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The Arrival of Other Communities to India

        The early success of the Portuguese inspired Holland (Netherlands) to establish the Dutch East India Company (1602) which made efforts to carry out trade with India. The people of Holland allied with the British and destroyed 'the Armada' of Spain and also plundered the Portuguese ships. During this period, 'British East India Company' (originally named Society of Adventurous) was established (31 December, 1600) in England. India was becoming a premier trading destination for the sea faring nations of Europe.

        Sir Thomas Roe was sent to India as the first ambassador by the British King to trade with India. The British established trading centres at Surat. Within a short period, the British established trading centers at Surat. Within a short period, the British had established their trading centres at Bharuch, Agra and Madras. The French had also established 'French East India Company' in 1664 and after taking permission from the Mughals established trading centres at Surat, Machilipatnam, Pondicherry and Chandernagore.

The British had more success in trading and acquisition of territory compared to French and other European powers. They started expanding their territory by winning the Battle of Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764). Over a period, other European powers had been restricted to small pockets (Such as the Portuguese in Goa, Daman and Diu and the French in Pondicherry and Chandernagore). Using a mix of force and tactful negotiations and helped by the weakening power of the Indian kingdoms, The British were successful in establishing their political supremacy over India.